Electrons Break to Photons Even in a Low Voltage Electric Circuit

A Low Cost Sensorless Control Drive Circuit for of Low Voltage Switched Reluctance Motor

Shaft position sensing is an essential part of switched reluctance (SR) motor drive In order to synchronize the pulses of phase current with the period of rising inductance of the proper motor phase. Direct sensors such as, Hall effect and optical encoder are commonly used in SR motors. The purpose of this paper is to present an indirect shaft positioning sensing known as "sensorless " control ...

In-circuit Testing of Low Voltage Devices

A Model of Composite Electrons and Photons

It is shown that electrons and photons can be considered as composities of particles belonging to the fundamental representations of the extended Lorentz group SU(3) ⊗ SU(3) in (8+1) dimensional space-time which are held together by force mediated by gauge particles belonging to the regular representation of this group. In this theory, spin states of electron, positron and photon form a 8⊗8 rep...

AF Compact Low - Voltage Circuit Breakers

In order to protect wiring, facilities, human bodies and the like from electric accidents such as overcurrent to the load, a short circuit, ground fault or earth leakage of an electrical line, low-voltage circuit breakers, as typifi ed by molded case circuit breakers (MCCB) and earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB), are installed in every type of machine, equipment, facility and building that u...

A Low Voltage Switched-Capacitor Current Reference Circuit with low dependence on Process, Voltage and Temperature

A low voltage switched-capacitor circuit that generates an almost constant reference current across process, voltage and temperature (PVT) is proposed. The reference voltage is generated by a low voltage band-gap circuit. The output reference current is obtained by applying the generated reference voltage to a low voltage V – I converter. The resistor in the proposed V – I converter is further ...